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Tribulus terrestris, commonly known as puncture vine, gokshur, or gokhara, is a plant that has been utilized for centuries in traditional Chinese and Indian Ayurvedic medicine for a variety of health conditions , , . This plant is native to the Mediterranean region but can also be found in subtropical and desert climates worldwide, including parts of the United States, Mexico, India, China, and Spain .
The plant contains several chemical constituents that are medicinally important, such as flavonoids, flavonol glycosides, steroidal saponins, and alkaloids. It has been attributed with a wide range of pharmacological activities, including diuretic, aphrodisiac, antiurolithic (preventing kidney stones), immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, anticancer, antibacterial, anthelmintic, larvicidal, and anticariogenic properties .
Tribulus terrestris is particularly well-known for its potential effects on sexual health. It has been studied for its ability to enhance libido and sexual function in both men and women. Some research suggests that it may increase testosteron levels, which could contribute to improved sexual performance and desire . However, findings from studies on this aspect are mixed and more research is needed to confirm these effects , .
In addition to its traditional uses, Tribulus terrestris has gained popularity among athletes and bodybuilders due to its alleged ability to increase testosteron production and improve athletic performance. Despite this, research on its effectiveness for enhancing physical performance has been inconclusive .