| Customization: | Available |
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| CAS No.: | 107-43-7 |
| Formula: | N/a |
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Trimethylglycine, also known as betaine, is a zwitterionic compound and a methyl derivative of glycine. It is found in various foods and can be synthesized in mitochondria from choline. Betaine serves dual roles in human physiology: as a methyl donor in transmethylation reactions and as an osmolyte maintaining fluid balance. Catabolism of betaine occurs in hepatic and renal mitochondria, resulting in the transmethylation of homocysteine (Hcy) to methionine via betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase and the subsequent generation of dimethylglycine .
Betaine is a natural constituent of beets, broccoli, grains, shellfish, spinach, and marine algae. It has been reported to have protective effects against various pathologies, including fatty liver disease, coronary atherosclerosis, cancer, renal dysfunction, and type 2 diabetes. Betaine plays a role in lipid and glucose metabolism, sulfur amino acid metabolism, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory response .
In the context of cardiovascular disease (CVD), trimethylamin N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite derived from dietary precursors such as choline, betaine, and L-carnitine, has gained attention. Gut bacteria metabolize these precursors into trimethylamin, which is then converted into TMAO in the liver. Elevated plasma TMAO concentrations have been associated with an increased risk of CVD, independent of established risk factors. TMAO has been linked to atherosclerotic plaque generation, vascular endothelium activation, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species secretion .
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