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Allopurinol is a medication that belongs to the group of drugs known as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. It is primarily used to treat conditions such as gout, which is characterized by high levels of uric acid in the body. The drug's active ingredient, allopurinol, works by inhibiting the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which is involved in the production of uric acid. By reducing the activity of this enzyme, allopurinol helps decrease the amount of uric acid formed, thereby alleviating the symptoms of gout and preventing the formation of uric acid crystals in joints and kidneys.
Mechanism of Action: Allopurinol is a structural analog of the purine base hypoxanthine. It functions by inhibiting the action of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for converting hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. Allopurinol is metabolized to oxypurinol, which is also an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. This action results in reduced serum and urinary uric acid levels.
Indications and Clinical Use: Allopurinol is indicated for the treatment of primary and secondary gout, including the management of hyperuricemia that can occur in blood dyscrasias and their treatments. It is also used in the treatment of uric acid nephropathy, with or without accompanying gout symptoms. Additionally, it is used prophylactically to prevent tissue urate deposition or renal calculi in patients with leukemias, lymphomas, or other malignancies undergoing antineoplastic treatment that may induce increased uricemia levels.
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